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Sunday, November 27, 2016

Animals to Humans: Listen, Learn, and Respect!

Dissident Voice: a radical newsletter in the struggle for peace and social justice



Animals to Humans: Listen, Learn, and Respect!



envy

I have long wondered what the animal kingdom – mammals, reptiles, birds, fish and insects – would want to tell us humans if we and the animals had a common language?

Well, in my new Fable – Animal Envy (Seven Stories Press)– a “Human Genius” invents a digital translation application whereby animals can speak with each other across species and also speak one way to humans so they learn to listen. The response by “subhumans” was so overwhelming that the Human Genius reserved 100 hours of global TV time for the denizens of the natural world to tell their stories before mesmerized billions of humans all over the Earth.
An Elephant, Owl and Dolphin – sensing the need for some sort of production order and fair play – called themselves The Triad and convened theGreat Talkout. Driven by the complexity of raising their young and surviving generation after generation, the animals, led by the wisdom of The Triad, developed a strategy born out of their keen sense of observing the human animal whom they internally called The King of Beasts.
To make their core messages palatable, they had to frame their approach during those early television hours to be seen as ingratiating and flattering to humans’ self-interest. They knew that humans had their doubts and their dissenters, but overall their long-touted “conquest of nature” as a measure of their “progress” reflected a level of ongoing aggressive behavior, marked by arrogance and violence that had no equal on Earth.
The Triad suggested that all species commence with flattery of humans to get them to open their minds. Animals could better show how useful the animal kingdom is to humans once humans accepted and understood them.
Animals were not going to rely on appeals to justice and fairness. They wanted to speak directly from their experience and conditions of their existence.
It turned out that different species made different demands on The Triad’s program management. There were the dire urgencies of species facing severe habitant loss and extinction. The Triad gave them special emergency access to the television stage. There were species who disagreed on using flattery and went right into their priorities. Other species said the heck with mutual self-interest – look what humans can learn from our far superior physical capabilities such as our sense of sound, smell and sight – from dogs to owls to octopi – and their unique relation to their biological environments. Think of beavers, bees, spiders, beetles and the critical earthworm.
Many species wanted to convey to humans that they were far more than genetically determined organisms – called instinct. “Multiple intelligences” came into play soon after birth. They were forms of feedback – stimuli, fears, hunger, heat, cold, weather eruptions and intricate mating and social rituals. In short, animals learn and adapt.
To the massive human audience, the Great Talkout was beyond fascinating. All ages were glued to the screen. The sheer variety and recounting of different species were startlingly new to all but animal scientists, ecologists and other specialists. After all, animals were stereotyped simplistically over the centuries.
We knew, for example, that elephants had extraordinary memory, but we did not know they had compassion, empathy, courage, sorrow, even grief. And so have other species beyond just mammals.
The book describes a revolt of the Insects who felt their massive numbers, variety, beauty and impact on humans (eg. mosquitos) deserved more airtime. They organized a challenging parade to impress The Triad of their importance to the environment and their ability to command the attention of humans who feared them. They got their time on stage.
Some animals spoke directly to The Triad to convey warnings to humans. Particularly vociferous were the Asian beetles known as emerald ash borers who have destroyed tens of millions of urban and rural ash trees. Foresters estimate losses so far of about twenty-five billion dollars and much more to come.
One ash borer, speaking for all of them, declared that “We want you, oh mighty Triad, to broadcast this message: ‘Humans, know that we came from China, hitchhiking in packing materials. We’re a half-inch long with green wings and a reddish stomach. You can’t stop us from our meal. Neither Chinese wasps nor birds, like those hated woodpeckers, can stop us. They can eat a whole lot of us but we still multiply. You might be asking why I’m telling you all this. It’s because you need to be more humble, but humility can become a great asset to your survival and health.’”
Because the various species knew that humans are much “smarter” than they are, they cautioned the humans to beware of their past habit of outsmarting themselves and succumbing to the intensifying hubris that could cause ever bigger disasters and extinction on our small planet.
There are many consequential facts about the animal kingdom, including domesticated animals for food and pets, which should fascinate readers of all ages. This may be partially why Animal Envy has been praised by leaders of how humans must and should deal with other sentient beings, such as Princeton Professor, Peter Singer, environmental attorney, Eric Glitzenstein, and scholar-author Mark Bekoff.
A special comment came from singer/poet Patti Smith who described the Fable as “a tale of two kingdoms, mirroring that reflective insight of animals and closing eyes of human kind. Animal Envy is a clarion call!”
Authors, naturally, want their books to be read. Such reactions are indeed welcome.
Ralph Nader is a leading consumer advocate, the author of Unstoppable The Emerging Left Right Alliance to Dismantle the Corporate State (2014), among many other books, and a four-time candidate for US President. Read other articles by Ralph, or visit Ralph's website.

Dogs Remember What You Do, Even When They Aren't Supposed To







Dogs Remember What You Do, Even When They Aren't Supposed To


by 

Anyone who has been around a dog for long knows they can understand human language and that they watch our every move - especially when food is involved.
But a new study shows they have a whole level of complex memory that's never been proven before to exist in animals other than humans.
"The results of our study can be considered as a further step to break down artificially erected barriers between non-human animals and humans," Claudia Fugazza of Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest, Hungary, said in a statement.


Smart Dog study. Claudia Fugazza / MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group


"Dogs are among the few species that people consider 'clever', and yet we are still surprised whenever a study reveals that dogs and their owners may share some mental abilities despite our distant evolutionary relationship."
The team was looking for evidence of episodic memory - which is an orderly memory of events, usually associated with self-awareness.
It took some tricky training to make sure the dogs weren't just trying to please.
"Dogs were first trained to imitate human actions on command," Fugazza's team wrote in their report, published in Current Biology.
Then they were trained to simply lie down after any command. The idea was to trick the dogs into forgetting that they had been trained to imitate the trainer.
"We then tested whether dogs recalled the demonstrated actions by unexpectedly giving them the command to imitate, instead of lying down."
So for instance, a trainer would tap an open umbrella, then take the dog behind a screen for a while, return the dog to the room, where it would lie down. Then the trainer would give the unexpected command "Do it."
Many, but not all of the dogs would repeat the action -- walking up to the umbrella and tapping it with a paw. There's a video of one experiment here.


Episodic-like memory in dogs (canis familiaris): Recall of others' actions after incidental encoding revealed by the do as I do method. Credit: Claudia Fugazza, Ákos Pogány, and Ádám Miklós / Current Biology 2016. Link to Paper: http://www.cell.com/current-biology/f...


Even though the dogs could not have been expecting that they would be asked to imitate a trainer's actions, they could. The actions were odd, such as hitting an umbrella or walking around a bucket, so the dogs had to have remembered what the people did, the researchers said.
"These findings show that dogs recall past events as complex as human actions even if they do not expect the memory test, providing evidence for episodic-like memory," the team concluded.
So be careful what you do in front of your dog.



Study finds evidence that dogs have episodic memory

 | Thursday, Nov. 24, 2016, 11:00 p.m.



 


Do you remember what you did last year on Thanksgiving? If so, that's your episodic memory at work — you're remembering an experience that happened at a particular time, in a particular place, maybe with particular people, and probably involving particular emotions.
Humans have episodic memory, and that's pretty easy to prove, because we can use our words to describe the past events we recall. Demonstrating that animals have it is much more difficult.
But now researchers in Hungary say they've found evidence that dogs have episodic-like memory (they added the “like” because they acknowledge they cannot get inside a dog's head to absolutely confirm this), specifically when it comes to remembering what their owners do. Even more interesting is that they can remember these things even when they don't know they'll have to remember them.
To determine this, the researchers put 17 pet dogs through a multistep training process designed to first make them memorize an action, then trick them into thinking they wouldn't need to do it. The dogs' performance was described in a study published in Current Biology.
First the dogs were trained in what is known as the “do as I do” method. It involves a dog's owner demonstrating an action — say, touching a traffic cone or an umbrella — and then telling the dog to “Do it!” The pups' successful imitations were rewarded by treats. Once they had mastered that trick, the owners switched things up on them. They performed an action, but instead of asking the dogs to imitate it, the humans told the pets to lie down. After several rounds of that, all the dogs eventually were lying down spontaneously — a sign, the authors wrote, that they'd lost any expectation that they were going to be told to imitate, or “Do it!”
“We cannot directly investigate what is in the dog's mind,” said lead author Claudia Fugazza, an ethologist at the University of Eotvos Lorand in Budapest. “So we have to find behavioral evidence of what they expect or not.”
Next, the owners switched things up on the dogs yet again. They'd do the action, and the dogs would lie down, and then the humans would totally violate the poor pooches' expectations by waiting one minute and saying, “Do it!” The owners made the same command after waiting an interval of one hour.
This was the test: Had the dogs tucked the memory of their owners' actions somewhere in their mind, and could they dig it out?
After the one-minute interval, about 60 percent of the dogs imitated the human action, even though they probably didn't expect to be asked to. After the one-hour wait, about 35 percent imitated the action.
“What's lovely about the study is the way it shows dogs remembering an action that they'd seen at a later time — without doing it themselves,” Alexandra Horowitz, who runs the Dog Cognition Lab at Barnard, wrote in an email. “It speaks to what might be on their mind: that they are remembering episodes that they witness, not just things that they are the subjects of.”
Fugazza and colleagues had previously carried out a variation on this study that didn't involve messing with the dogs' expectations. In that one, the dogs were not taught to lie down, but just to “Do it!” — which the researchers say means the dogs expected to be told to imitate. The canine participants in that study aced that test, with nearly all imitating the human actions even after a one-hour delay.
The dogs' much lower success in the current study “also suggests they were really using their episodic-like memory, because episodic memory in humans is known to decay faster, too,” Fugazza said.